Infection is a commonplace, usually self-limiting, condition but can lead to sepsis, a severe life-threatening dysregulated host response. We investigate the individual phenotypic predisposition to developing uncomplicated infection or sepsis in a large cohort of non-infected patients undergoing major elective surgery. Whole-blood RNA sequencing analysis was performed on preoperative samples from 267 patients. These patients developed postoperative infection with (n = 77) or without (n = 49) sepsis, developed non-infectious systemic inflammatory response (n = 31), or had an uncomplicated postoperative course (n = 110). Machine learning classification models built on preoperative transcriptomic signatures predict postoperative outcomes including sepsis with an area under the curve of up to 0.910 (mean 0.855) and sensitivity/specificity up to 0.767/0.804 (mean 0.746/0.769). Our models, confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), potentially offer a risk prediction tool for the development of postoperative sepsis with implications for patient management. They identify an individual predisposition to developing sepsis that warrants further exploration to better understand the underlying pathophysiology.