Furan-functionalized peptides are of significant pharmacological interest due to their pronounced bioactivities and unique potential for orthogonal bioconjugation and derivatization. However, naturally occurring peptides with furyl side chains are exceedingly rare. This study presents a streamlined method to predict and assess the microbial production of peptides incorporating 3-furylalanine (Fua) moieties. The approach integrates genome mining and the reversible, chemoselective tagging of furyl residues, utilizing their unique Diels-Alder reactivity, for mass-spectrometry-guided identification of candidate compounds. By employing the rhizonin Fua synthase as a bioinformatic handle and through heterologous reconstitution of Fua biosynthesis, we identified previously unknown Fua biosynthetic pathways in diverse bacterial phyla, including actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, actinobacteria, and γ-proteobacteria, suggesting that Fua-containing peptides are remarkably widely distributed. Metabolic profiling by reversible tagging facilitated the detection of Fua-containing metabolites in their native producers. The successful adaptation of this method for solid support enabled the direct enrichment of furyl-substituted peptides from complex mixtures. This multi-pronged approach enabled the discovery and characterization of two novel families of Fua cyclopeptides (rubriamides and typhamides) with potent antiproliferative effects against human tumor cells and nematodes. The innovative catch-and-release strategy, in conjunction with genome mining, represents a valuable tool for the discovery of new furan-substituted natural products.