Infectious complications continue to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can affect the genetic susceptibility to infections or even sepsis. We sought to investigate the impact of different SNPs on the incidence of developing sepsis and pneumonia in patients with newly diagnosed AML following induction chemotherapy. We analyzed three SNPs in the TLR2 (Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) gene in a cohort of 155 patients with AML who received induction chemotherapy. The risk of developing sepsis and pneumonia was assessed by multiple logistic regression analyses. The presence of the TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism was significantly associated with pneumonia in AML patients (odds ratio (OR): 10.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0-58.23; P=0.006). Furthermore, the cosegregating TLR4 polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were independent risk factors for the development of both sepsis and pneumonia (OR: 3.55; 95% CI: 1.21-10.4, P=0.021 and OR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.3-9.86, P=0.014, respectively). To our best knowledge, this study represents the first analysis demonstrating that polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 influence the risk of infectious complications in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy.