Improved protein function opens way for new drug development concept

| Press Release by the Karolinska Institutet

A laboratory device about five metres long, a large metal tube and metal boxes with various cables can be seen, as well as a scientist in a white lab coat.
The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer in the Biomolecular Chemistry Group at Leibniz-HKI. Source: Anna Schroll/Leibniz-HKI

An international research team led by the swedish Karolinska Institutet and SciLifeLab describe in a study published in Science how they have improved the ability of a protein to repair oxidative DNA damage and created a new protein function. Researchers from Leibniz-HKI were also involved. The innovative technique can lead to improved drugs for diseases involving oxidative stress, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and lung diseases, but the researchers believe it has even greater potential.

Drug development has long been based on finding specific pathogenic proteins and creating treatments that involve blocking these proteins in various ways.

However, many diseases are caused by a loss of or decrease in protein function, which cannot be directly targeted by using inhibitors.

In the current study, researchers from Karolinska Institutet improved the function of a protein called OGG1, an enzyme that repairs oxidative DNA damage, implicated in ageing and diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and lung diseases.

To conduct their research, the group used a method called organocatalysis, a tool developed by Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan who were awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The method is based on the discovery that small organic molecules can serve as catalysts and induce chemical reactions without themselves being part of the final product.

The researchers examined how such catalyst molecules, previously described by others, bind to OGG1 and effect its function in cells. One of the molecules proved to be of particular interest.

“When we introduce the catalyst into the enzyme, the enzyme becomes ten times more effective at repairing oxidative DNA damage and can perform a new repair function,” says the study’s first author Maurice Michel, assistant professor at the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet.

The catalyst made it possible for the enzyme to cut the DNA in an unusual way so that it no longer requires its regular protein APE1 to work but another protein called PNKP1.

Researchers from the Biomolecular Chemistry Group at Leibniz-HKI analysed the binding of the repair proteins to DNA in the presence of the catalysts using a special form of mass spectrometry known as MALDI-TOF. This mass spectrometry is relatively non-destructive, so that the binding is not disrupted.

The researchers believe that OGG1 proteins improved in this way can form new drugs for diseases in which oxidative damage is implicated. However, Professor Thomas Helleday at the Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and the study’s last author also sees broader applications, where the concept of adding a small catalyst molecule to a protein is used to improve and change other proteins as well.

“We believe that this technology could instigate a paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry, whereby new protein functions are generated instead of being suppressed by inhibitors,” says Thomas Helleday. “But the technique isn’t limited to drugs. The applications are virtually unlimited.”

The study was financed by numerous bodies, including the European Research Council, the Swedish Research Council, the Crafoord Foundation, the Swedish Cancer Society, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation and the Dr Åke Olsson Foundation for Haematological Research.

Many of the researchers involved in the study are listed in a patent application concerning OGG1 inhibitors and are associated with the organisation that owns the patent. Two are employed by Oxcia AB, which licenses the patent, and many are shareholders in the company.

Original publication

Michel M et al. (2022) Small molecule activation of OGG1 increases repair of oxidative DNA damage by gaining a new function. Science, doi: 10.1126/science.abf8980

Staff

Christian Hertweck
Anna Komor